Genesis and Development of Tantrism

Contents

Preface … 9

Introduction … 11

Shingo EINOO: From kāmas to siddhis — Tendencies in the Development of Ritual towards Tantrism …  17

Alexis SANDERSON: The Śaiva Age — The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period … 41

The Dominance of Śaivism … 44
The Incorporation of Śāktism … 45
The Etiolation and Subsumption of the Cult of the Sun-God …  53
The Decline of Vaiṣṇavism and the Rise of the Tantric Pañcarātra Following Śaiva Models … 58
Royal Patronage of Buddhism … 70

The Viṣṇukuṇḍis of Āndhra … 70
The Maitrakas of Valabhī … 72
The Kārkoṭas of Kashmir … 73
The Licchavis of Nepal … 74
The Ṭhākurī Kings of Nepal …  77
The Bhauma-Karas of Orissa … 80
The Candras of South-East Bengal 83
The Khaḍgas of Samataṭa …  83
The Candras of Arakan and Miscellaneous Other Buddhist Kings of Eastern India 84
The Pāla Emperors and the Great Monasteries of Eastern India … 87
The Pālas’ Engagement with Śaivism … 108
Buddhist Kings of Eastern India and their Commitment to Brahmanism … 115
Joint Patronage of Buddhism and Śaivism in the Kingdoms of the Khmers, Chams, and Javanese …  117

The Development of Tantric Buddhism Through the Adoption and Adaptation of Śaiva and Śākta Śaiva Models … 124

The Parallel Repertoire of Rituals … 124
The Mahāvairocanābhisaṃbodhi, the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and Buddhaguhya …  128
The Sarvatathāgatattvasaṃgraha and the First Inroads of Śākta Śaivism: Possession, Goddesses, and the Sacralization of Sex … 132
The Guhyasamāja: Copulating Deities, Sexual Initiation Rites, and the Sacralization of Impurity … 141
The Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśaṃvara: Heruka and his Yoginīs, Kāpālika iconography, the Gaṇamaṇḍalam, and the Beginning of Śaiva-Buddhist Intertextuality … 145
The Yoginītantras and the Full Appropriation of Vidyāpīṭha Śaivism … 156

Chronology and Provenance … 158
Śaṃvara/Vajrarudra and Vajravārāhī: The Transformation of Bhairava and his consort … 169
The Rise of the Goddess to Independence … 173
The Adoption of the Vidyāpīṭha’s Caryā and Yoga …  179
The Incorporation of Text-passages from the Vidyāpīṭha … 186
Converting the Outsiders … 220
The Reflux of Buddhist Śāktism into the Śāktism of Bengal … 240

The Jains’ Adaptation of the Śaiva Mantraśāstra … 243
Śaivism in the Brahmanical Substrate …  249
The Causes of the Dominance of Śaivism … 252
The Early Medieval Process … 252
Śaivism and Monarchy … 254
Śaivism and the Royal Temple … 274
Śaivism and New Settlements … 280
Śaivism and Irrigation … 282
Śaivism and Social Integration … 284
The Śaiva-brahmanical Order … 301

Abbreviations … 304

References … 305

Conventions in the Footnotes … 348

Dominic GOODALL: Who is Caṇḍeśa ? … 351

Kimiaki TANAKA: Nāgabodhi’s Śrī-guhyasamājamaṇḍalopāyikā-viṃśati-vidhi — The Sanskrit Text Restored from the Vajrācāryanayottama … 425

Francesco SFERRA: The Laud of the Chosen Deity, the First Chapter of the Hevajratantrapiṇḍārthaṭīkā by Vajragarbha … 435

Taiken KYUMA: Superiority of Vajrayāna — Part I: Some Remarks on the *Vajrayānāntadvayanirākaraṇa (rDo rje theg pa’i mtha’ gñis sel ba) Ascribed to Jñānaśrī … 469

Ryugen TANEMURA: Superiority of Vajrayāna — Part II: Superiority of the Tantric Practice Taught in the *Vajrayānāntadvayanirākaraṇa (rDo rje theg pa’i mtha’ gñis sel ba) … 487

Tsunehiko SUGIKI: The Structure and Traditions of the Systems of Holy Sites in Buddhist Saṃvara Cycle and Its Related Scriptural Cycles in Early Medieval South Asia — The Geography of Esoteric Buddhism in the Eyes of the Compilers of the Scriptures … 515

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